America Online |
America Online, or AOL for short, is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider that is owned by Time Warner. Based in Dulles, Virginia, Virginia, a community in Loudoun County, Virginia, with regional headquarters installations in many cities around the world, it is by far the most successful proprietary online service, with more than 32 million subscribers at one point in the United States of America, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Latin America (declared bankrupt in 2004), and Japan. In early 2005, AOL Hong Kong stopped its service.
For many Americans through the mid 1990s, AOL was the Internet, but the rise of open access to the Internet has shrunk its user base and left questions about its future.
In 2000 AOL and Time Warner announced plans to merge, and the deal was approved by the Federal Trade Commission on January 11 2001. See Time Warner for information on the merger and operations since then.
=History=
AOL began as a short-lived venture called Control Video Corporation (or CVC), founded by William von Meister. Its sole product was an online service called Gameline for the Atari 2600 video game console after von Meister s idea of buying music on demand was rejected by Warner Brothers. (Klein, 2003) Subscribers bought a Modem from the company for $49.95 and paid a one-time $15 setup fee. Gameline permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of approximately $1 an hour.
In 1983 the company nearly went bankrupt, and an investor in Control Video, Frank Caufield, had a friend of his, Jim Kimsey, brought in as a manufacturing consultant. That same year, Steve Case was hired as a part-time consultant; later on that year, he joined the company as a full-time marketing employee upon the joint recommendations of von Meister and Kimsey. Kimsey went on to become the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the newly-renamed Quantum Computer Services in 1985 after von Meister was quietly dropped from the company.
Case himself rose quickly through the ranks; Kimsey promoted him to vice-president of marketing not long after becoming CEO, and later promoted him further to executive vice-president in 1987. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to ascend to the rank of CEO when he himself retired, which Case did in 1991.
Kimsey changed the company s strategy, and in 1985 launched a sort of mega-Bulletin board system for Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 computers, originally called Quantum Link ( Q-Link for short). In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible personal computers developed in a joint venture with the Tandy Corporation.
In .
= Massive growth =
Case drove AOL as the online service for people unfamiliar with computer, in particular contrast to CompuServe, which had long served the technical community. AOL was the first service with a graphical user interface (GUI) instead of command lines, and was well ahead of the competition in emphasizing communication among members as a feature.
In particular was the Chat Room, which allowed a large group of people with similar interests to convene and hold conversations, including: *Private rooms — created by any user. Hold up to 27 people. *Conference rooms — created with permission of AOL. Hold up to 48 people and often moderated. *Auditoriums — created with permission of AOL. Consisted of a stage and an unlimited number of rows. What happened on the stage was viewable by everybody in the auditorium but what happened within individual rows, of up to 27 people, was viewable only by the people within those rows.
Under Case s guidance, AOL committed to including online games in its mix of products even when it was only a Commodore 64 service. It hosted the first Play by email game from any service Quantum Space (1989-1991); the first graphical online community ( Habitat (video game) from LucasArts); and the first graphical MMORPG, Neverwinter Nights from Stormfront Studios (1991-1997).
AOL quickly surpassed GEnie, and by the mid-1990s, it passed Prodigy (ISP) (which for several years allowed AOL advertising) and CompuServe.
Originally, AOL charged its users an hourly fee, but in 1996 this changed and a flat rate of $19.99 a month was charged. Within three years, AOL s userbase would grow to 10 million people.
AOL was relatively late in providing access to the open Internet. Originally, only some Internet features were accessible through a proprietary interface but eventually it became possible to run other Internet software while logged in through AOL. They were the first online service to seamlessly integrate a web browser into content.
AOL introduced the concept of Buddy Lists, leveraging their one-on-one Instant Messaging technology.
In recent years, its traditional dial-up service has been declining in subscribers and popularity. In an attempt to combat this, the AOL for Broadband service, which delivers AOL content and chatrooms but no Internet access to users who have an existing high-speed Internet connection, was launched, but in 2004 the company pulled back from this plan.
Since its merger with Time Warner, the value of AOL has dropped from its $200 billion high and it has seen a similar losses among its subscription rate. It has since attempted to reposition itself as a content provider similar to companies such as Yahoo!.
= CD-ROM distribution =
AOL has tirelessly pushed itself through regularly mailing sign-up diskettes and CD-ROMs to over 100 million households, helping forge dominant growth. The long campaign has produced a backlash, including a program called No More AOL CDs that seeks to gather one million unwanted AOL CDs and dump them at AOL headquarters. Other organizations have objected under both environmental and privacy grounds. Environmentalists say that AOL s CDs are largely unwanted and result in massive non-biodegradable plastic waste. However, AOL s mailings have never violated the law, and always interest some people. AOL has also always provided means for people to remove themselves from AOL mailing lists, though No More AOL CDs has documented claims that these removal attempts are sometimes ineffective. Others view AOL disk collecting as valuable collecting items due to the vast number of CD-ROM design variations released by the company.
= AOL users reputation =
People using AOL (often referred to as AOLers ) have a reputation online for being excessively noobish— ignorant of Netiquette. This is in part due to the fact that AOL is aimed towards users who are new to the Internet. To a segment of the online population, an e-mail address ending in aol.com is a sign of ignorance, to be avoided at all costs. Some web, game, and chat servers even go as far as to ban the AOL hostmask, preventing AOL users from logging on. However, this reputation doesn t stop aol.com addresses from being widely used, even in serious business contexts; it s commonplace in advertisements in non-computer-related publications to see lines like See our website at www.whatever.com, or e-mail us at , to the mystification of Internet oldtimers who believe an address in the company s own domain would be more logical and professional.
In a different vein, AOL users also have a reputation in some online communities for disruptive activities. AOL makes use of aggressive web cache proxy servers that effectively makes it impossible for a website, (such as a Wiki), to block an abusive user without excluding large segments of the entire AOL community. Combined with the fact that their free service offers make it all too easy to join, many Internet trolls take advantage of this and choose AOL as a preferred means of hiding their true identity, in a manner that is almost as effective as using an anonymous proxy. This has only served to further harm the reputation of AOL users as a whole and is a large part of why so many places implement a policy of banning all AOL users.
=Controversies=
==Community Leaders==
Prior to the middle of 2005, AOL used volunteers called America Online Community Leaders Program, or CLs, to monitor chatrooms, message boards, and libraries. Some community leaders were recruited for content design and maintenance using a proprietary language and interface called RAINMAN, although most content maintenance was performed by partner and internal employees.
In 1999, Kelly Hallissey and Brian Williams, former Community Leaders and founders of anti-AOL website filed a class action lawsuit against AOL citing violations of U.S. labor laws in its usage of CLs. The Department of Labor investigated but came to no conclusions, closing their investigation in 2001. In light of these events, AOL drastically began reducing the responsibilities and privileges of its volunteers in 2000. The program was eventually ended on June 8 2005. Current Community Leaders at the time were offered 12 months of credit on their accounts.
==Billing disputes==
AOL has faced a number of lawsuits over claims that it has been slow to stop billing people after their accounts have been cancelled, either by the company or the user. In addition, AOL changed its method of calculating used minutes in response to a class action lawsuit. Previously, AOL would add fifteen seconds to the time a user was connected to the service and round up to the next whole minute (thus, a person who used the service for 11 minutes and 46 seconds would be charged for 13 minutes). AOL claimed this was to account for sign on/sign off time, but because this practice was not made known to its customers, the lawsuit won (some also pointed out that signing on and off did not always take 15 seconds, especially when connecting via another ISP). AOL disclosed its connection time calculation methods to all of its customers and credited them with extra free hours. In addition, the AOL software would notify the user of exactly how long they were connected and how many minutes they were being charged for.
= Company purchases =
As it grew, AOL purchased many other software companies, including:
*BookLink bought in December 1994. *NaviSoft s NaviServer (later to become AOLserver) in 1994. *ImagiNation Network from AT&T in 1996. *CompuServe in February 1998. *Mirabilis (company) (maker of ICQ) in 1998. *PLS text-search software in 1998, *Nullsoft (maker of Winamp), in 1999 for United States dollar86 million *Netscape Communications Corporation, in 1999 for $4.2 billion. *Mapquest in 1999. *Tegic in December 1999. *Singingfish search engine, November 2003. *[http://advertising.com Advertising.com], an internet advertising agency based, in June 2004. *[http://mailblocks.com MailBlocks], a personal, Web-based email service, in August 2004. *[http://wildseed.com Wildseed], a privately held mobile software vendor, in August 2005. *[http://xdrive.com Xdrive], a leading provider of online storage and file sharing services, also in August 2005. *Weblogs, Inc., a blogging network that runs such sites as Engadget, Autoblog, Cinematical and TVSquad, in October 2005.
=Notable persons associated with AOL=
*Jim Kimsey (former CEO and board chairman) *Steve Case (former CEO and board chairman) *Jan Brandt (former President of Marketing) *Justin Frankel (Nullsoft founder *Ted Leonsis (Vice-Chairman, President AOL Audience Group) *Michael Powell (during merging with Time Warner) *Marc Andreessen (Netscape co-founder) *Jason Smathers (former AOL employee convicted of stealing the Internet provider s entire subscriber list -- over 30 million consumers, and their 90 million screen names -- and selling it to a known spammer.)
=See Also=
=References=
*Klein, Alec (2003). Stealing Time: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Collapse of AOL Time Warner . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5984-X.
=External links=
*[http://www.aol.com/ AOL US] *[http://www.aol.com.br AOL Brasil] *[http://aol.ca AOL Canada] *[http://aol.de AOL Germany] *[http://aol.fr AOL France] *[http://www.aol.com.mx/ AOL México] *[http://aol.co.uk AOL UK] *[http://www.jp.aol.com AOL Japan] *[http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall2000/McAtee/ AOL: A History] *[http://staff.jccc.net/lcline/index.htm AOL Disk Collection] *[http://www.jmusheneaux.com/8000c.htm Important Dates & A Look at AOL s Evolving Interface] *[http://www.nomoreaolcds.com/ The No More AOL CDs campaign]|
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