Artificial intelligence |
Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence (trait) exhibited by an artificial ( non-natural , manufactured ) entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer.
Although AI has a strong discipline, focused on providing solutions to practical problems.
AI methods were used to schedule units in the first Gulf War, and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency stated that the costs saved by the efficiency of AI have repaid the US government s entire investment in AI research since the 1950s. AI systems are now in routine use in many businesses, hospitals and military units around the world, as well as being built into many common home computer Software applications and video games.
=Schools of thought=
AI divides roughly into two schools of thought: Conventional AI vs. computational intelligence.
Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified under Machine learning, characterised by formalism & statistical analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, Neats and GOFAI. (Also see semantics.) Methods include:
Computational Intelligence involves iterative learning of connectionist system parameter tuning, based on empirical data. This is also known as non-symbolic AI, Scruffies or soft computing. Methods are:
=History=
Main article: History of artificial intelligence
=Philosophy=
Main article: Philosophy of artificial intelligence The debates on weak AI vs. strong AI is still a hot topic amongst AI philosophers. This involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem. Most notably Roger Penrose, in his book The Emperor s New Mind and John Searle with his Chinese room exercise, argue that true consciousness can not be achieved by formal logic systems, while Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach and Daniel Dennett in Consciousness Explained argue in favour of Functionalism (philosophy of mind).
=Science fiction=
In science fiction AI is commonly portrayed as an upcoming power, trying to overthrow human authority (HAL 9000, The Borg, The Matrix) or as service humanoids (C-3PO, Data (Star Trek), AI (film), Bicentennial Man, I Robot & The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy (film)). See List of fictional computers & List of fictional robots and androids.
The inevitability of AI world domination is also argued by some science writers like Isaac Asimov and Kevin Warwick.
= Applications =
Typical problems in which AI methods are applied include: *pattern recognition **optical character recognition **handwriting recognition **speech recognition **face recognition *natural language processing & chatterbots *non-linear control & robotics *computer vision & image processing *game theory *game AI & computer game bot
=Expectations of AI=
AI methods are often employed in .
The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, and today in some specialized areas where expert systems are routinely used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine.
Even though a substantial amount of AI functionality exists in everyday software, some misinformed commentators on computer technology have tried to suggest that a good definition of AI would be research that has not yet been commercialised . This happens because when AI gets incorporated into an os or application it becomes an understated feature.
=AI languages & Programming Styles=
GOFAI research is often done in programming languages such as Prolog or Lisp programming language. Bayesian work often uses Matlab or Lush programming language (a numerical dialect of Lisp). These languages include many specialist probabilistic libraries. Real-life and especially real-time systems are likely to use C plus plus. AI programmers are often academics and emphasise rapid development and prototyping rather than bulletproof software engineering practices, hence the use of interpreted languages to empower rapid command-line testing and experimentation.
The most basic AI program is a single Logical conditional, such as If A, then B. If you type an A letter, the computer will show you a B letter. Basically, you are teaching a computer to do a task. You input one thing, and the computer responds with something you told it to do or say. All programs have If-Then logic. A more complex example is if you type in Hello. , and the computer responds How are you today This response is not the computer s own thought, but rather a line you wrote into the program before. Whenever you type in Hello. , the computer always responds How are you today . It seems as if the computer is alive and thinking to the casual observer, but actually it is an automated response. AI is often a long series of If-Then (or Cause and Effect) statements.
A randomizer can be added to this. The randomizer creates two or more response paths. For example, if you type Hello , the computer may respond with How are you today or Nice weather or Would you like to play a game Three responses (or thens ) are now possible instead of one. There is an equal chance that any one of the three responses will show. This is similar to a pull-cord talking doll that can respond with a number of sayings. A computer AI program can have 1,000s of responses to the same input. This makes it less predictable and closer to how a real person would respond, because a living person would respond unpredictably. When 1,000s of input ( if ) are written in (not just Hello. ) and 1,000s of responses ( then ) written into the AI program, then the computer can talk (or type) with most people, if those people know the If statement input lines to type.
Many games, like chess and strategy games, use action responses instead of typed responses, so that players can play against the computer. Robots with AI brains would use If-Then statements and randomizers to make decisions and speak. However, the input may be a sensed object in front of the robot instead of a Hello. line, and the response may be to pick up the object instead of a response line.
= AI researchers, research projects & institutions=
*List of Artificial Intelligence projects *List of important publications in computer science#Artificial intelligence*[http://ai-consortium.com/content/ AI Consortium] *[http://www.aaai.org/ American Association for Artificial Intelligence] *[http://www.eccai.org/ European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence] *[http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~acl/ The Association for Computational Linguistics] *[http://www.dotmotive.com/~aisu/ Artificial Intelligence Student Union] *[http://www.dfki.de/ German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, DFKI] *[http://www.auai.org/ Association for Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence] *[http://www.singinst.org Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence] *[http://www.aisb.org.uk/ The Society for the Study of AI and Simulation of Behaviour] *[http://agiri.org/ AGIRI - Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute]
= See also =
*artificial life *bayesian networks *bio-inspired computing *cognitive science *cybernetics *hybrid intelligent systems *intelligent agents *intelligent control *Raj Reddy s AAAI paper for a comprehensive review of real-world AI systems in deployment today
= External links =
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