Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a science that deals with the original sense of computing mathematical calculations.
The following definition of computing is given in the Association for Computing Machinery report [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfmid=63238.63239 Computing As a Discipline]:
The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all the computing is What can be (efficiently) automated
=Science and theory=
Computer science
Theory of computation
DBLP, as of October 2005, now lists over 675 000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of computer scientists
Scientific computing
=Hardware=
See information processor for a high-level block diagram.
Computer hardware
Hardware design
Computer network
Computer system
History of computing hardware
==Instruction-level taxonomies==
After the commoditization of random-access memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:
designing
Superscalar instruction execution
VLIW architectures, which make parallelism explicit
=Computer software=
Software engineering
Computer programming
Software patent
=History of computing=
*History of computing hardware from the tally stick to the quantum computer
*Punch Card
*Unit record equipment
*IBM 700/7000 series
*IBM 1400 series
*System/360
*Early IBM disk storage
=Business computing=
Accounting software
Computer-aided design
Computer-aided manufacturing
Computer-assisted dispatch
Customer relationship management
Data warehouse
Decision support system
Electronic data processing
Enterprise resource planning
Geographic information system
Management information system
Material requirements planning
Strategic enterprise management
Supply chain management
Product Lifecycle Management
Utility Computing
=Human factors=
Accessible computing
Human-computer interaction
=Computer security=
Cryptology - Cryptography - information theory
Software cracking - demon dialing - Hacking - war dialing - war driving
Social engineering (computer security) - Dumpster diving
Physical security - Black bag job
Computer insecurity
Computer surveillance
defensive programming
Malware
security engineering
==Numeric data==
integral data types - bit, byte, etc.
real data types:
Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)
fixed-point arithmetic
Rational number
Decimal
Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
bi-quinary coded decimal
representation: Binary numeral system - Octal - Decimal - Hexadecimal (hex)
*Computer mathematics - Computer numbering formats -
==Character data==
storage: Character (computing) - String - Text - Plain text
representation: ASCII - Unicode - Multibyte - EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) - Fieldata - Baudot
==Other data topics==
*Data compression
*Digital signal processing
*Image processing
*Indexed
*Data management
=Mechatronics=
*Punch card
*Key punch
*Unit record equipment
=Classes of computers=
Analog computer
Calculator
Desktop computer
Desknote
Digital computer
Embedded computer
Home computer
Laptop
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
Personal computer
Personal digital assistant (aka PDA, or Handheld computer)
Server
Supercomputer
Tablet PC
Video game console
Workstation
=Companies - current=
Apple Computer
Avaya
Dell, Inc.
Fujitsu
Gateway Computers
Groupe Bull
Hewlett-Packard
Hitachi, Ltd.
International Business Machines
Microsoft
NEC Corporation
Novell, Inc.
Red Hat
Silicon Graphics
Sun Microsystems
Unisys
=Companies - historic=
Acorn Computers Ltd, bought by Olivetti
Bendix Corporation
Burroughs, merged with UNIVAC to become Unisys
Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard
Control Data
Cray
Data General
Digital Equipment Corporation, bought by Compaq, in turn bought by Hewlett-Packard
Digital Research - a software company for the early microprocessor-based computers
English Electric
Ferranti
General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Groupe Bull
Honeywell, computer division bought by Groupe Bull and
ICL
Leo Computers
Lisp Machines, Inc.
Marconi
Nixdorf, bought by Siemens AG
Olivetti
Osborne Computer Corporation
Packard Bell
Raytheon
Royal McBee
RCA
Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox
Siemens AG
Sinclair Research Ltd, created the ZX Spectrum, ZX80 and ZX81
Symbolics
UNIVAC, merged with Burroughs to become Unisys
Varian
Wang
=Professional organizations=
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
British Computer Society (BCS)
Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
IEEE (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
Institution of Electrical Engineers
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
==Standards organizations and consortia== (see also standardization)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
IEEE (IEEE)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
=Miscellaneous=
List of computer term etymologies
Load (computing)
Indian Language Computing
