Electronic journalism |
: See Electronic publishing); See journalism; Electronic field production Electronic journalism -- known as EJ or ENG for electronic news gathering -- is most associated with broadcast news where producers, reporters and editors make use of electronic recording devices for gathering and presenting information in telecasts and radio transmissions reaching the public. The acquisition mediums of choice in 2005 are characterized by a variety of competing types or formats of video tape Sound recording and editing offer a large number of analogue and digital systems. Still images, graphics and animation have their own sets of tools. The editorial systems available provide journalists with tools for fast and flexible assembly and delivery of electronically gathered and edited news reports.
= Video journalism =
News via video is seen daily by millions of people around the world. Some of the typical uses include interviews, panel discussions, press conferences and speeches. Live and pre-recorded video is also used in news coverage of accidents, natural disasters and war coverage.
== Technical standards for Video Journalism ==
National Archives and Records Administration of the United States holds a collection of some of earliest examples of historically significant motion picture film for the country and similar collections exist in other nation s archives. From the earliest days of the medium s existence, film cameras have been used for the acquisition of news elements and documentary footage. Film remained important in daily news operations until the late 1960s when news outlets turned to portable video cameras, portable recorders, wireless microphones and joined those with various microwave and satellite linked delivery systems. By the mid 1980 s film had all but disappeared from used in television journalism.
The and video recorder, the precursor of today s hand held cameras.
== Some examples of improvements ==
As systems have improved, components have been made smaller and lighter and performance has greatly improved. Improvements have been made in image quality, colorimetry, lens, and videotape technology. The following is a small list of improvements related to television news production.
= Photographs, graphics, animation =
Apart from moving images and sound recording, electronic journalism makes liberal use of still images, graphics and animation in reports.
*In television, still photograph, may be used when no video camera can reach a reporter or interview subject. A still photograph may also be used to show historically notable person and event or in any place where it aids the report. Photos may be recorded with a standard video camera or the photos can be placed on a special motion control device which allows precise computer controlled positioning. Whether shot in the field or in the studio, the camera operator might zoom, pan or tilt while recording the images. The Televsion director may use portions of this video or may digitally store some selected frames for insertion into the final report.
== Technical standards ==
= Audio journalism =
Radio has long been used to broadcast news as quickly as possible. Many important speeches and public events were covered on radio and still are today. With the growing availability of small, yet high-quality, cassette recorders, such as those from Marantz and Sony, radio reporters are able to make use of natural sounds and interviews which brings great detail to their reports. National Public Radio s All Things Considered has been a pioneer in the use of such sound elements woven into the fabric of its reports.
== Technical standards ==
A wide variety of audio recording formats is used in news rooms around the world. The standard report kit includes a battery operated cassette recorder with a microphone and optional telephone interface. With this set-up, the reporter can record interviews and natural sound and then play these over a telephone line for rerecording or live broadcast by the content provider (radio or TV station, cable outlet, web radio system). This offers a rugged and relatively simple system which can be placed into a single bag along with extra batteries, tape and supplies.
In addition to the standard compact cassette another popular choice is the digital minidisc. This has the advantage of superior sound, digital indexing and is re-recordable, reusable medium. The small cassette format known as DAT is popular with film makers and other studio professionals because of its superior sound quality and its SMPTE time code and other synchronization features. News gathering may also be accomplished with the use of recordable CD and DVD players and various fixed medium recording system.
== External Links ==
*[http://www.ikegami.com/ Ikegami corporate site (English)]
= Bibliography =
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