Hacker ethic

In modern parlance, the Hacker ethic is either:

the belief that information-sharing is a powerful positive good, and that it is an ethical duty of hackers to share their expertise by writing free software and facilitating access to information and computing resources wherever possible; and/or

the belief that system hacking for fun and exploration is ethically acceptable as long as the hacker commits no theft, vandalism, or breach of confidentiality.

Both of these normative ethical principles are widely, but by no means universally, accepted among hackers. The first, and arguably the second, emerged from the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory during the 1960s and 1970s.

Most hackers subscribe to the hacker ethic in the first sense, and many act on it by writing free software, giving the user permission to study, modify, and redistribute it. A few, such as the Free Software Foundation, go further and assert that it is immoral to prevent computer users from sharing or altering software, as is typical with proprietary software.

The second sense is more controversial: some people consider the act of hacking afoul of the government itself to be unethical, like breaking and entering into an office. But the belief that ethical cracking excludes destruction at least moderates the behavior of people who see themselves as benign crackers (see also samurai (hacking), gray hat). On this view, it may be one of the highest forms of hacker courtesy to (a) break into a system, and then (b) explain to the SysOp, preferably by email from a Superuser account, exactly how it was done and how the Software security vulnerability can be plugged -- acting as an unpaid (and unsolicited) tiger team.

The most reliable manifestation of either version of the hacker ethic is that almost all hackers are actively willing to share technical tricks, software, and (where possible) computing resources with other hackers. Huge cooperative networks such as Usenet, FidoNet and the Internet itself can function without central control because of this trait; they both rely on and reinforce a sense of community that may be hackerdom s most valuable intangible asset.

=Origins and history=

The term hacker ethic was coined by journalist , whom Levy at the time called the last true hacker. The similarities between the Hacker Ethic and values existing in open scientific communities is therefore no coincidence.

In Levy s codification, the principles of the Hacker Ethic were:

Access to computersand anything which might teach you something about the way the world worksshould be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-on Imperative!

All information should be free.

Mistrust authoritypromote decentralization.

Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as academic degree, age, race, or position.

You can create art and beauty on a computer.

Computers can change your life for the better.

Later in 2001, Finland philosopher Pekka Himanen opposed the Hacker ethic with Protestant work ethic. In Himanen s opinion the hacker ethic is closer related to the Virtue ethics found in the writings of Plato and of Aristotle.

=See also=

Ethical code

Grey hat

Hacker culture

Hacker definition controversy

Open source ethics

=Books and media=

Pekka Himanen, The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age , ISBN 0375505660

=External links=

Enid Gabriella Coleman, an anthropologist at the University of Chicago, has written extensively on the hacker ethic and culture [http://healthhacker.org/biella/freesoftware.html]