Logical block addressing (LBA) is common scheme used for specifying the location of blocks of data stored on computer storage devices (generally secondary storage systems). The term LBA can mean either the address or the block to which it refers. Logical blocks in modern computer systems are typically 512 or 1024 bytes each.

=The LBA scheme=

LBA is a particularly simple addressing scheme; blocks are simply located by an index, with the first block being LBA=0, the second LBA=1, and so on. The LBA scheme replaces earlier schemes which exposed the physical details of the storage device to the software of the operating system. Chief among these was the cylinder-head-sector (CHS) scheme, where blocks were addressed by means of a tuple which defined the cylinder, head, and sector at which they appeared on the hard disk. CHS didn t map well to devices other than hard disks (such as tapes and networked storage), and was generally not used for them. CHS was used in early Modified Frequency Modulation and Run Length Limited drives, and it and its successor Extended Cylinder-Head-Sector (ECHS) were used in the first Advanced Technology Attachment drives.

SCSI introduced LBA as an abstraction. While the drive controller still addresses data blocks by their CHS address, this information is generally not used by the SCSI device driver, the OS, filesystem code, and any applications (such as databases) that access the raw disk. System calls requiring block-level I/O pass LBA definitions to the storage device driver; for simple cases (where one volume maps to one physical drive) then this LBA is passed directly to the drive controller.

=LBA mapping and LUN virtualisation=

For more complex cases (particularly Redundant array of independent disks devices, storage area networks and where logical drives (LUNs) are composed via LUN virtualisation and aggregation, LBAs are translated from the application s model of the disk to that used by the actual storage device. In complex deployments, particularly when a storage fabric is employed, several of these LBA translations may occur between the dispatching application and the final, remote, disk.

=LBA and ATA devices=

The first formal definition of the ATA interface inherited the CHS scheme from earier drive standards. This proved to be a limiting factor as ATA drives grew. Originally cylinder, head, and sector were limited to 1024,16, and 63 respectively. Later, more advanced BIOS implementations which virtualised the CHS mapping (often generating many more virtual drive heads than the physical disk really possessed) expanded this limit to 1024, 255, and 63. This meant an MS-DOS volume was limited to 8 GB.

The second ATA standard (ATA-2) introduced an LBA mode of operation, which has subsequently become the most commonly used scheme when communicating with ATA drives and their technical successors. LBA addresses in ATA can be 28 bit or 48 bit wide, which results in a disk size limit of 128 GiB and 128 PiB, respectively, assuming the common 512 bytes per sector.

=External links=

=External links=