Monoculture

Monoculture describes systems that have very low diversity. The term is applied in several fields.

=Agriculture=

In Agriculture, monoculture describes planting and cultivation of a single species over a substantial area, or the practice of relying on a very small number of species for agricultural purposes. The rise of monoculture in modern agriculture has been the result of improved technology, with machinery for tilling, planting, pest control and harvesting, generally being much cheaper and more efficient than human labor. The term is sometimes used pejoratively.

Examples of monocultures include lawns and most field crops, such as wheat or corn. Some extend the term to things such as large-scale confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs).

Extensive monoculture of fruits, cucurbits, alfalfa seed and other crops tends to produce pollination problems, because pollinators cannot use all the resources available during bloom, and they may starve during the rest of the season. Such pollination problems are solved by pollination management.

The drawbacks and risks of excessive use of a single species are acknowledged and well understood in agriculture and agricultural science. This has led to a realization of the benefits of polyculture. Monocultures are criticized by ecologists because of their susceptibility to disease and insects, the large amount of chemical inputs often required to sustain them, and lower biodiversity. The environmental movement seeks to change popular culture by redefining the perfect lawn to be something other than a turf monoculture, and seeks agricultural policy that provides greater encouragement for more diverse cropping systems. Local food systems may also encourage growing multiple species and a wide variety of crops at the same time and same place. Heirloom gardening has come about largely as a reaction against monocultures in agriculture.

==See also==

Main : companion planting, nurse crop, managed intensive grazing, agroecology

Agriculture : agricultural policy, agricultural productivity, agribusiness, biodiversity, biopiracy, cash crop, disease resistance in fruit and vegetables, ecological health, Green economics, increase biodiversity, organic farming, plantation, pollination, pollination management, pollinator decline, reforestation, sustainable agriculture, vegan

Examples Three Sisters (agriculture)

==External Links==

[http://www.new-agri.co.uk/01-1/perspect.html Monoculture and disease]

=Sociology=

In sociology, a monoculture is any sort of system wherein everyone is wearing, doing, seeing, reading, watching, and thinking the same thing.

==See also==

Society : Propositional knowledge, Social Democrat, Local food, Fast-food restaurant, Slow Food, New totalitarianism, Anti-globalization movement, Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Safe trade

=Computer science=

In computer science, a monoculture is any computer system which is nearly universally used. This concept is significant when discussing computer security and computer virus. In particular, Dan Geer has argued that Microsoft is a monoculture, since a striking majority of the overall number of computers connected to the Internet are workstations and servers running versions of the Microsoft Microsoft Windows operating system, many of which are vulnerable to same attacks. This is in contrast to the early days of the net, when there was a much more even distribution of operating systems and hardware/processor types, and it was concomitantly much more difficult to create a broadly applicable attack.