Rockstar North |
Rockstar North (formerly DMA Design) is a franchise.
=History=
==Formation==
Founded by Dave Jones, the name DMA was originally taken from the Amiga programming manuals simply because it sounded cool and did not actually mean anything. The initials were later retrofitted so that they briefly stood for Direct Mind Access, a play on the computer term Direct Memory Access, before finally standing for Doesn t Mean Anything, thus making official the playful notion that they were indeed meaningless.
DMA scored two early successes with Menace and Blood Money -- scrolling shooter which gained some attention from gamers and critics for both their high-quality presentation and punishing level of difficulty. As with all the company s early games, Menace and Blood Money debuted on the Amiga, with DOS ports coming later.
==Early 1990s: Lemmings , Body Harvest and Grand Theft Auto ==
DMA s major breakthrough came with 1990 s (an innovative first-person strategy game with a four-way split screen). Other Lemmings sequels and spinoffs, such as Lemmings Paintball and Lemmings 3D , have appeared over the years, but these were produced without DMA s involvement.
1994 s Uniracers , an odd 2D racer featuring disembodied unicycles with a heavy emphasis on stunts, was the company s first game to debut on a console (the Super Nintendo). Published by Nintendo, it also marked DMA s first game without Psygnosis -- their publisher since Menace -- and the beginning of what would be a long and often bumpy relationship with the Japanese console giant.
After spending some time experimenting with various next-generation consoles (particularly the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer), DMA was asked by Nintendo to join their Dream Team of developers for the upcoming Ultra 64 system (later renamed Nintendo 64), alongside such other developers as Rare (video game company), Paradigm, Midway Games, and LucasArts. Under this arrangement, DMA would produce an N64-exclusive title that Nintendo would publish. The result of this collaboration was Body Harvest , a third-person 3D vehicular action game with a decidedly un-Nintendo storyline about aliens arriving on Earth at various points in history to harvest mankind for food. However, whereas Psygnosis took a hands-off approach towards its outside developers, Nintendo was far more demanding, requiring a number of major overhauls to the original design (most notably the addition of puzzle and role-playing elements, intended to make the game more appealing to the Japanese market). The game underwent numerous delays, and Nintendo finally decided to drop their publishing plans. Midway picked up the rights and finally released it in 1998 -- nearly three years after the game was first shown at the N64 s Japanese unveiling. Reaction was mostly favourable, although more than a few gamers criticized the decidedly sub-par graphics (no doubt a result of the inordinately long production schedule).
In the interim, the company released (through the short-lived BMG Interactive label) Grand Theft Auto (game) for the PC and PlayStation, which applied the Body Harvest play mechanism of allowing control of any vehicle in the environment to a top-down 2D game of cops-and-robbers, putting the player in the role of a petty hood who works his way up through the criminal ranks in three fictional U.S. cities; Liberty City, Vice City, and San Andreas. Despite its undetailed retro graphics and tongue-in-cheek humour, GTA (as it was soon known) still attracted controversy for its violence, with the Daily Mail characteristically calling for an outright ban. The uproar no doubt contributed in some part to making GTA DMA s biggest success since Lemmings , but its most distinguishing feature was the incredible degree of freedom afforded to the player, with vast, fully explorable cities and dozens of optional missions. DMA s second N64 title, Space Station Silicon Valley , was yet another take on the multiple vehicles concept, this time in a 3D platform game environment and with robotic animals -- each with unique abilities, such as hovering sheep and turret-equipped turtles -- instead of cars and trucks.
==Late 1990s: A change of publishers==
In 1997, DMA was sold to British publisher Gremlin Interactive, with Jones becoming Creative Director of both companies. Gremlin managed to publish two DMA titles -- the UK release of Body Harvest and the PC version of Wild Metal Country , a seemingly simplistic tank combat game with a complex control scheme and extremely realistic physics -- but DMA left the Gremlin fold shortly after that company s acquisition by Infogrames in 1999. Jones left DMA at this point, setting up a new development studio in Dundee as a subsidiary of Rage Software, and through a management buy-out, later became Real Time Worlds. DMA s next title, Tanktics , a real-time strategy game for the PC, was published by Interplay in 1999, to generally poor reviews; DMA then forged a publishing deal with Rockstar Games, a new division of Take Two Interactive, who proceeded to release the Dreamcast version of Wild Metal Country (retitled simply Wild Metal ) and Grand Theft Auto 2 for the PC, PlayStation and Dreamcast.
==2000s: More Grand Theft Auto , Manhunt , and beyond==
Whereas GTA2 had been an incremental improvement on the original, keeping the top-down 2D perspective and adding a few new features (namely a somewhat complicated system of forging alliances and rivalries with numerous competing gangs), 2001 s ).
, under Rockstar North s supervision.
Meanwhile, David Jones continues to work at his new Dundee studio, which was bought back from Rage in 2002 and renamed Real Time Worlds. The company s first game, Mobile Forces , was released for the PC in 2002.
==Unfinished projects==
DMA s history is also marked by several announced projects that were subsequently canceled in mid-development: Nintendo 64 ports of Wild Metal Country and the original GTA; Clan Wars (a real-time 3D castle siege game set in medieval Scotland); Attack! (a caveman-themed platformer for the N64); and a port of Epic Games PC hit Unreal for the Nintendo 64DD (canceled when it became clear that Nintendo had no enthusiasm for the add-on device, which was never released outside of Japan). Additionally, a PC update of Hired Guns utilizing the Unreal engine was in development at start-up Devil s Thumb Entertainment and scheduled for a 2000 release, but canceled following the dissolution of publisher Psygnosis.
=Timeline=
=External links=
*[http://www.rockstarnorth.com Official site (www.rockstarnorth.com)] *[http://www.realtimeworlds.com Official site (www.realtimeworlds.com)]|
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