Samizdat (book) |
Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the Source of Open Source Code is a book by Kenneth Brown (author), which was prereleased in May 2004 and was to be published later that year by the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI). Among other controversial theses, the book suggests that the Linux kernel may have been created or distributed illegally and that open-source software may be generally subject to such abuses.
The book was greeted with almost universal derision by the technical world and was repudiated by many of its claimed sources.
The book claims that the Linux kernel was written using copied source code from Minix and other resources acquired improperly or possibly illegally by Linus Torvalds. It also suggests that one can never be certain of the origin(s) of open source code, so similar misuse of copyrighted code may exist for other open-source projects. Finally, it claims that the GNU General Public License is bad for the economy.
The title is a reference to samizdat, a form of private circulation of suppressed literature within Soviet-bloc countries.
=Arguments of the book=
The book claims that Linus Torvalds used source code taken from Minix, a small Unix-like operating system used in teaching computer science, to create Linux 0.01, on the theory that no mere student could write an entire Unix-like kernel (computer science) single-handedly.
The book also recommends that government-funded programming should never be licensed under the GPL, but under the BSD license or similar simple permissive licenses. It states that the US government should:
=Reaction to Samizdat =
The book s claims, methodology and references have been seriously questioned, including by many of those it quotes in support of its thesis, such as Andrew S. Tanenbaum, author of Minix; Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of Unix; and Richard Stallman, leader of the GNU project. Others have said that quotes attributed as being from an interview with AdTI were in fact from prerelease journal papers (Ilkka Tuomi) or from messageboard posts (Charles Mills, Henry Jones).
Alexey Toptygin said he had been commissioned by Brown to find similarities between Minix and Linux 0.01 source code, and found no support for the theory that Minix source code had been used to create Linux; this study is not mentioned in the book.
Although Linux 0.01 was written using Minix as an example and starting point, no code from Minix was actually used in it (Tanenbaum agrees on this point). Furthermore, Linux 0.01 was a barely functional first draft, far from the sophisticated, industry-grade Linux-based operating systems of the present day; writing a kernel of similar size and capabilities is a standard part of many computer science degrees.
Samizdats detractors also point to the fact that AdTI has been funded directly since 1999 by Microsoft, a company which publishes a competing proprietary operating system and considers Linux one of its most important competitors.
After a month of almost universal derision towards the book from the technical press, Microsoft also repudiated it in mid-June, a spokesman calling it an unhelpful distraction from what matters most — providing the best technology for our customers. ( WSJ , 14 June 2004)
Notably absent from Brown s research for Samizdat was any direct communication with Torvalds.
= External links =
==AdTI==
*[http://adti.net/kenarbeit/webattax.release.june.04.html AdTI notes recent attacks on web site] (press release, 3 June 2004) *[http://www.adti.net/samizdat/brown.reply.june.04.html Samizdat s critics ... Brown replies] (Ken Brown, 4 June 2004)
==Responses by critics==
*[http://www.juliao.org/pub/adti-comments.pdf Criticism of the 2004 Origins of Linux report] (PDF) (Julião Duartenn, Security Skill Center, Oblog Software SA) *[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/ Some notes on the Who wrote Linux Kerfuffle] (Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 20 May 2004) **[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/codecomparison/ Comparison of Linux code with MINIX code: A message I received from Alexey Toptygin] (email from Alexey Toptygin to Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 20 May 2004) ***[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/codecomparison/alexey.html Source comparison of early linux and minix versions] (Alexey Toptygin; referred to in above email) **[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/followup/ Ken Brown s Motivation] (Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 21 May 2004) *[http://www.itbusiness.ca/index.asptheaction=61&sid=55659 Linux before Linus] (Shane Shick, ITBusiness.ca 20 May 2004) *[http://www1.commsworld.com.au/NASApp/cs/ContentServerpagename=commsworld/home&var_el=art&art_id=1084814488546&var_sect=COMMENT&from=home Reputation of the Dead] (CommsWorld AU, 21 May 2004) *[http://sourcefrog.net/weblog/issues/adti#dissecting Criticism of ADTI s Samizdat] (Martin Pool, 22 May 2004 — page by page criticism of the 2004 paper) *[http://www.unixreview.com/documents/s=9170/ur0405n/ The Tide Of FUD] (Peter H. Salus, unixreview.com, May 2004) *[http://trends.newsforge.com/trends/04/05/24/2145237.shtml Ken Brown s corporate-funded FUD] (Jem Matzan, NewsForge, Tue 25 May 2004) *[http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/samizdat-response.html Samizdat: Stinks on Ice] (Eric S. Raymond, 24 May 2004) *[http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/34069.html Accusatory Report Deliberately Confuses] (Interview with Richard Stallman, LinuxInsider, 30 May 2004) *[http://www.groklaw.net/article.phpstory=20040524011702501 Samizdat — a Noble Word with a Touching History] ( Groklaw , 30 May 2004) *[http://www.groklaw.net/article.phpstory=20040601212559558 Dennis Ritchie s Interview for Samizdat] ( Groklaw , 01 June 2004) *[http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_6/tuomi/index.html#t6 Evolution of the Linux Credits file] (Ilkka Tuomi, First Monday vol 9 no 6, 4 June 2004) *[http://www.groklaw.net/article.phpstory=20040604212501531 Ken Brown Takes Off the Mask; and a Gilbert & Sullivan Parody] ( Groklaw , 04 June 2004) *[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/rebuttal/ Rebuttal to Ken Brown] (Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 6 June 2004) *[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/6/5/7424/26396 Critique of Ken Brown s response] (Ta bù shì dà yú, Kuro5hin.org, 6 June 2004) *[http://sourcefrog.net/weblog/issues/adti/ceo.html Ken Brown s interviews ] (Martin Pool, 10 June 2004) *[http://software.newsforge.com/software/04/06/11/1139234.shtml Does Prentice Hall Really Own Linux] (Bruce Perens, NewsForge, 12 June 2004) *[http://www.groklaw.net/article.phpstory=20040611141310910 Two More — Swartz and Perens — Rebut Alexis de Tocqueville s Brown] ( Groklaw , 12 June 2004) *[http://www.mlive.com/newsflash/business/index.ssf/newsflash/get_story.ssf/cgi-free/getstory_ssf.cgif0023_BC_WSJ--Portals&&news&newsflash-financial Recent attacks on Linux come from dubious source] (Lee Gomes, Wall Street Journal , page B1, 14 June 2004) *[http://linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2004061602626OPCYLL Editor s Note: AdTI Fires Cheap Shot at ... Us] (Brian Proffitt, Linux Today , 16 June 2004) *[http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,1619714,00.asp Smear Factor] (John C. Dvorak, PC Magazine , 3 August 2004)
==Other press coverage==
*[http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/33873.html Accusatory Study: Many Open-Sourcers Steal Code] (LinuxInsider, 19 May 2004) *[http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1104_2-5216651.html Is Torvalds really the father of Linux] (ZDnet, 19 May 2004) *[http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/linuxunix/0,39020390,39155268,00.htm Report on Linux origins falls at the starting gate] (ZDnet UK, 20 May 2004) *[http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/33929.html Tanenbaum Disputes Methods of Controversial Report] (LinuxInsider, 21 May 2004) *[http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/34529.html ADTI: Open-Sourcers Skirt Copyrights] (Lisa Stapleton, LinuxInsider, 16 June 2004) *[http://www.thelinuxshow.com/archives/2004/upcoming-2004-07-13.html Announcement] [http://www.thelinuxshow.com/archives/2004/tls-07-13-2004.mp3 (MP3 of broadcast)] (The Linux Show, 13 July 2004)|
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