Timeline of Polish science and technology |
Education has been of prime interest to Poland s rulers since as early as the 12th century. The catalog of the library of the cathedral chapter at Kraków, dating from 1110, shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western European literature. In 1364, King Casimir III of Poland founded the University of Kraków, one of the great universities of Europe. In 1773 King Stanisaw August Poniatowski established the Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, the world s first ministry of education.
Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education technical, medical, economic, as well as universities which are located in most major cities such as Gdask, Kraków, Lublin, Pozna, Rzeszów and Warsaw. They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars. Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.
=1951-present=
*Polish blue laser - first blue laser in Poland (third in the world)
*Polish artificial heart - an implant, program: Polish Artificial Heart
*PSR 1257 12 - a pulsar located 2630 light years from Earth. It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets. These were the first extra solar planets ever discovered (1992)
*Foundation For Polish Science - since (1991)
*PZL W-3 Sokol - a helicpoter, FAA certificate in (1989)
*PZL Kania - a helicopter, first prototype (1979), FAR-29 certificate (early 1980s)
*Odra (computer) - a line of computers manufactured in Wrocaw (1959/1960) *K-202- first Polish microcomputer invented by Jacek Karpiski (1971)
*Polish Polar Station, Hornsund - since (1957)
*PZL SW-4 - a Polish light single-engine multipurpose helicopter manufactured by PZL Swidnik
*EP-09 - B0B0 Polish electric locomotive class *PT-91 - a Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM (Orodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urzdze Mechanicznych) in Gliwice
*Grom (missile) - an anti-aircraft missile
*206FM - class minesweeper (NATO: Krogulec )
*Meteor (rocket)- a series of sounding rockets (1963) *PZL TS-11 Iskra - a jet trainer aircraft, used by the air forces of Poland and India (1960)
*Lim-6 - attack aircraft (1955)
*Polish Academy of Sciences - founded in 1952
=1901-1950=
*Polish mine detector - a metal detector for landmines developed during World War II by lieutenant Józef Stanisaw Kozacki (1941/1942)
*Bomba (cryptography) - a special-purpose machine designed by cryptologist Marian Rejewski to break Nazi German Enigma machine ciphers prior to World War II
*Biuro Szyfrów - (Cipher Bureau) first fundamental break into the Enigma that were to be used by Nazi Germany {1932}
*Czochralski process - a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold) and salts (1916)
*Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV - the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360-degree view from his turret, invented by engineer Rudolf Gundlach (1936)
*Polish notation - also known as prefix notation, is a method of mathematical expression (1920) *Reverse Polish notation - (RPN) , also known as postfix notation (1920)
*Zygalski sheets - also known as perforated sheets (1938)
*Stefan Banach - mathematician, Banach space, Banach algebra
*7TP - light tank of the Second World War (1935)
*PZL.23 Kara- light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the PZL (1934) *PZL.37 o - twin-engine medium bomber designed in the PZL by Jerzy Dbrowski (mid-1930s)
*LWS-6 ubr - initially a passenger plane. Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC-2 planes instead, the project was converted to a bomber aircraft (early-1930s)
*SS Sodek - the first ship built in Poland after World War II (1948) *Mieczysaw Wolfke - one of precursors in the development of holography (said:Dennis Gabor)
*LWS - an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer (1936-1939)
*PZL - an abbreviation name used by Polish aerospace manufacturers (1928-present)
*RWD - an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer (1920-1940)
*TKS - a tankette (1931)
*RWD-1 - sports plane of 1928, constructed by the RWD
=1851-1900=
*Maria Skodowska-Curie - on December 26th, 1898 Maria Skodowska announced the existence of this new substance
*Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski - the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833)
*Ignacy ukasiewicz - the first to distill clear kerosene from seep oil (1853)
*Polish Academy of Skills - founded in Kraków (1872)
=1801-1850=
*Ignacy Domeyko - geologist and mineralogist, a geological map of Chile, describing the Jurassic rock formations, and discovered deposits of a rare mineral (1846)
*Pawe Edmund Strzelecki - nobleman, explorer, and geologist, wrote Physical Description of New South Wales (1845)
*Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz - scholar, poet, and statesman
=1751-1800=
*Commission of National Education - Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (1773)
*Stanisaw Staszic - geologist, philosopher, scholar, poet and writer
...
=1601-1650=
*Jan Brozek - Contributed to a greater knowledge of Copernicus (Mikalaj Kopernik) theories. The most prominent Polish mathematician of the XVIIth century.
=1551-1600=
*Bartholomens Keckermann - A Short Commentary on Navigation (the first one written in Poland)
=1501-1550=
*De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium - ( On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres ) Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolaj Kopernik) began to write De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium in 1506 and finished it in 1530.
*Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolaj Kopernik), a true Renaissance man, was an astronomer, mathematician, physician, lawyer, clergyman, governor, diplomat, military leader, classics scholar and economist who developed the heliocentric theory in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. He also described Gresham s Law in the year (1519) that Thomas Gresham was born.
=1351-1400=
*Jagiellonian University - ( Uniwersytet Jagielloski ) a university in Kraków, divided in 14 faculties, founded in 1364 by Casimir III of Poland as Akademia Krakowska
=1251-1300=
*Witelo (c. 1230 c. 1314) was one of the outstanding European philosophers of the 13th century as well as a scientist who specialized in Optics. His famous optical treatise, Perspectiva , which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon s best work. In addition to optics, Witelo s treatise also made important contributions to the psychology of vision perception.
=See also=
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